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Spatial resolution is critical for observing and monitoring environmental phenomena. Acquiring high-resolution bathymetry data directly from satellites is not always feasible due to limitations on equipment, so spatial data scientists and researchers turn to single image super-resolution (SISR) methods that utilize deep learning techniques as an alternative method to increase pixel density. While super resolution residual networks (e.g., SR-ResNet) are promising for this purpose, several challenges still need to be addressed: (1) Earth data such as bathymetry is expensive to obtain and relatively limited in its data record amount; (2) certain domain knowledge needs to be complied with during model training; (3) certain areas of interest require more accurate measurements than other areas. To address these challenges, following the transfer learning principle, we study how to leverage an existing pre-trained super-resolution deep learning model, namely SR-ResNet, for high-resolution bathymetry data generation. We further enhance the SR-ResNet model to add corresponding loss functions based on domain knowledge. To let the model perform better for certain spatial areas, we add additional loss functions to increase the penalty of the areas of interest. Our experiments show our approaches achieve higher accuracy than most baseline models when evaluating using metrics including MSE, PSNR, and SSIM. 

Cloud computing has become a major approach to help reproduce computational experiments. Yet there are still two main difficulties in reproducing batch based big data analytics (including descriptive and predictive analytics) in the cloud. The first is how to automate end-to-end scalable execution of analytics including distributed environment provisioning, analytics pipeline description, parallel execution, and resource termination. The second is that an application developed for one cloud is difficult to be reproduced in another cloud, a.k.a. vendor lock-in problem. To tackle these problems, we leverage serverless computing and containerization techniques for automated scalable execution and reproducibility, and utilize the adapter design pattern to enable application portability and reproducibility across different clouds. We propose and develop an open-source toolkit that supports 1) fully automated end-to-end execution and reproduction via a single command, 2) automated data and configuration storage for each execution, 3) flexible client modes based on user preferences, 4) execution history query, and 5) simple reproduction of existing executions in the same environment or a different environment. We did extensive experiments on both AWS and Azure using four big data analytics applications that run on virtual CPU/GPU clusters. The experiments show our toolkit can achieve good execution performance, scalability, and efficient reproducibility for cloud-based big data analytics. 

The Arctic is a region with unique climate features, motivating new AI methodologies to study it. Unfortunately, Arc- tic sea ice has seen a continuous decline since 1979. This not only poses a significant threat to Arctic wildlife and surrounding coastal communities but is also adversely affecting the global climate patterns. To study the potential of AI in tackling climate change, we analyze the performance of four probabilistic machine learning methods in forecasting sea-ice extent for lead times of up to 6 months, further comparing them with traditional machine learning methods. Our comparative analysis shows that Gaussian Process Regression is a good fit to predict sea-ice extent for longer lead times with lowest RMSE score.